Wednesday, January 29, 2020
Standard Chatered Bank (Scb) Essay Example for Free
Standard Chatered Bank (Scb) Essay Standard Chartered Bank is a British bank headquartered in London with operations in more than seventy countries. It operates a network of over 1,700 branches and outlets (including subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures) and employs 73,000 people. Despite its British base, it has few customers in the United Kingdom and 90% of its profits come from Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Because the banks history is entwined with the development of the British Empire its operations lie predominantly in former British colonies, though over the past two decades it has expanded into countries that have historically had little British influence. It aims to provide a safe regulatory bridge between these developing economies. It now focuses on consumer, corporate, and institutional banking, and on the provision of treasury servicesââ¬âareas in which the Group had particular strength and expertise. The new millennium had brought with it two of the largest acquisitions in the history of the bank with purchase of Grind lays Bank from the ANZ Group and the acquisition of the Chase Consumer Banking operations in Hong Kong in 2000. These acquisitions demonstrate Standard Chartered firm is committed to the emerging markets, where the Bank has a strong and established presence and where they see their future growth. Standard Chartered Bank Operation In Bangladesh Standard Chartered Bank started its business in Bangladesh in 1948, opening its first branch in the port city of Chittagong. The bank increasingly invested in people, technology and premises as its business grew in relation to the countrys thriving economy. At present the bank has 6 offices in Dhaka Chittagong and Sylhet, including the countrys only offshore banking unit inside the Dhaka Export Processing Zone at Savar. Extensive knowledge of the market and essential expertise in a wide range of financial services underline our strength to build business opportunities for corporate and institutional clients at home and abroad. Continuous upgrading of technology and control systems has enabled the bank of offer new services, which include unique ATMs and Phone banking. Adopting a pro-active approach, the bank is able to offer a flexible and comprehensive range of financial services in particular transactional banking products. The bank has also invested in its branches to ensure that their business is supported by high-tech operations using state-of-the-art technology. Dedicated customer services with solution-oriented cash specialists to provide customers with cost-effective solutions. Electronic delivery system has been put in place to give customers maximum control of their transactions. Standard Chartereds services in Bangladesh, ranges from Personal Corporate Banking to Institutional Banking, Treasury and Custodial services. Vision of Standard Chartered Bank: ââ¬Å"Catalyst for changeâ⬠Standard Chartered Bank has a key role to play in stimulating economic and social development through the services they provide and by being a force for good. The success of their business depends on this. Standard Chartered Bank has been committed to continually improving the quality and scope of the services they offer to clients. Mission of Standard Chartered Bank: The missions are: * To deliver excellent products and services in the emerging markets to Standard Chartereds clients. These products include trade finance services, cash management, foreign exchange and treasury products, commodity finance, and structured import and export finance services. * To be the trendsetter for innovative banking with excellence and perfection. * To be the best performing bank in the country and the region. * To exceed customer expectations through innovative financial products services and establish a strong presence to recognize shareholders expectations andà optimize their rewards through dedicated workforce. * Keeping ahead of other competitors in productivity and profitability. To attain budgetary targets fixed in each area of business Objective of Standard Chartered Bank: Standard Chartered Bank one of the worldââ¬â¢s leading international banks and their goal is to lead the way in Asia, Africa and the Middle East. They are dedicated to implementing the highest standards of corporate governance and gaining trust in each of the countries in which they conduct business. Like other business organization the core desire of Standard Chartered Bank is to maximize the profit through banking activities saving lending money to the life of the common people. The Objectives of the Standard Chartered Bank is given below: Broad Goal: As a commercial organization, Standard Chartered Bank implies that it stands for meeting the banking needs of the people of the society. Operating Goal: In compliance with the very nature of the organization, the objective in mind the bank aims at excelling quality and diversified services. To fulfill its mission Standard Chartered Bank has its main objectives as followings: * To provide banking services to people. * To earn profit. * Act as a media of exchange. * To contribute to gross domestic product (GDP). * Maintain a satisfactory deposit mix. * To help to grow entrepreneurship. * Increase loan portfolio diversification and geographical coverage. * To mitigate unemployment problem. * Provide finance specialized services to the export. * To help to boost economic development. Service Attitudes: * Standard Chartered Bank is a service organization. It lives and prospers on the quality of service it provides. So quality of service is maintained at all levels. * Banks image with people is identified on the quality and diversity of services that the people aspire to receive. * As a dynamic bank they always remain in search of new field of activity in line with people economic need. Suggestions by customers and other people are taken in to proper attention so as to help identify new activity or improve upon present activities. * The bank maintains healthy competition with other banks aiming at excelling services in meeting economic needs of the people. Organogram Organizational Structure: Organizing is the management function that involves the process of determining what task are to be done, who is to do them, how the task are to be grouped who reports to whom and where decisions are to be made. Organizing is the process of creating an organizationââ¬â¢s structure. Organizational structure is the formal framework by which job task are divided, grouped and coordinated. Hierarchy of Standard Chartered Bank Administrations Loan Administration Department Loan Sanction Department Human Resource Department Operations Investment Treasury Internal Division Head Office Departmentalization Corporate Banking Department CEO Audit Inspection IT Finance Accounts Foreign Trade Administrations Finance IT Branch Departmentalization Corporate Banking Department Loan Sanction Department Foreign Trade Loan Administration Department Branch Manager Operations The policy direction and overall management of the Bank is vested upon the Board of Directors consisting of six members. The Chief Executive of the Bank is one of the members of the Board of Directors. Regional Manager and Divisional Head assist Chief Executive Officer. Head Office Divisions are headed by Departmental heads and controlled by designated General Managers. Branch Offices by Branch Managers, depending on size and importance of the Branch from the commercial point of view, Deputy General Managers or Assistant General Managers heads the Corporate Branches and AD Branches. The organizational structure is the way in which organizations activitiesà are divided, organized and co-organized. The design of the organizations structure can be traditional design like simple, functional and divisional or existing organizational designs like team-based, matrix etc. From the structure of the Standard Chartered Bank we see that it is mostly functional because some part are organized around the functions of operation, credit, international division, human resource etc. and these divisions are related with each other for conducting the activities. It can also be considered as partly regional because some management functions are divided on the basis of territory. Each regional circle conducts same activities generally that are decided but in some situation head of the regional office takes decisions. So we can perceive that it has traditional structural design. Moreover, it has clear chain of command where the level of authority goes from top to bottom and very much centralized. Performance Appraisal Of Standard Chartered Bank Since organization exist to achieve goals, the degree of success that individual employees have in reaching their individuals goals is important in determining organizational effectiveness. The assessment of how successful employees have been at meeting their individual goals, therefore, becomes a critical part of HRM. Here we provided how Standard Chartered appraised their employeeââ¬â¢s performance. Why Standard Chartered evaluates the performance of its Employees? Standard Chartered Appraises the performances of its employees for three reasons they are: * First, it can be used promote their employees and to arrange for their various training programs if they require for enhancing their skills in their respective areas and in contribution enhancement. * Second, as a basis for reward allocations. Decisions to decide who getsà salary increases, and other rewards are determined by their performance evaluation. * Finally the performance appraisal can be used as a criterion against which selection devices and development programs are validated. It is one thing to say, for example, that their selection process is successful in differentiating satisfactory performers from unsatisfactory performers. Appraisal Method used by Standard Chartered Bank Employees are evaluated by how well they accomplish a specific set of objectives that have been determined to be critical in the successful completion of their job. This approach is frequently referred to as. Management by objectives. Management by objectives is a process that converts organization objectives into individual objectives. It can be thought of as consisting of four steps: goal setting, action planning, self- control, and periodic reviews. In goal setting, the organizations overall objectives are used as guidelines from which departmental and individual objectives are set. In action planning, the means are determined for achieving the ends established in goal setting. That is, realistic plans are developed to attain the objectives.
Tuesday, January 21, 2020
The Importance of Masks in William Goldings Lord of the Flies :: Lord Flies Essays William Golding Papers
In Lord of the Flies, by William Golding, we find a group of British boys stranded on a tropical island while the rest of the world is at war. Their plane has been shot down and they find themselves without adults to tell them how to act. As they struggle to survive, they encounter conflicts that mirror the decayed society from which they have come. We see Golding's theme come about as we watch the boys begin to lose their innocence and let their natural evil overwhelm their otherwise civilized manner. While formulating the theme of the story, Golding utilizes much symbolism, one of these symbols being the masks, or painted faces, that the boys wear.Ã The masks, and painted faces, became a producer of evil circumstances, give a sense of anonymity, and represented the defiance of social structure. Ã Ã Ã Ã Ã Ã Ã Ã Ã Ã Whenever someone is wearing a mask or has a painted face, evil is at large.Ã Ã The very purpose of a mask is for hiding. The boys use the masks to hide their lust for blood, killing, and death from their consciences. When going to hunt for the first time, "Jack hid, liberated from shame and self-consciousness" (Golding page #) because he knew that his manner of hunting was evil and would only lead to lascivious killing. While describing that hunt to the boys, Jack was "twitching" and "shuddering" as he talked.Ã He knew it was wrong. Eventually all the savages hid behind their masks when their lust for killing climaxes on the manhunt for Ralph. Throughout the story, all hunting, killing, and shedding of blood was done while the boys faces were hidden by masks. Ã Ã Ã Ã Ã Ã Ã Ã Ã Ã A mask makes one unknown, unrecognized, and mysterious.Ã When the first mask was put on, Jack "looked no longer at himself but at an awesome stranger" (Golding page #). At the formation of Jack's tribe, all who join wear a mask from that time on and become a part of the savages. As three savages return to steal fire, they are driven because they are "demoniac figures with faces of white and red" (Golding page #) not individual boys. The mask becomes such an anonymous symbol that, towards the end of the story, Ralph "gazed at the green and black mask before him trying to remember what Jack looked like" (Golding page #).Ã Whether stealing, fighting, or hunting, the savages found their courage because they "looked like something else" "hidden behind the mask of paint" (Golding page #).
Sunday, January 12, 2020
A Remake Play of Oedipus Essay
Oedipus Rex has always been one of the most intriguing and interesting plays that William Shakespeare has ever written. By combining a tragic with complex plots, the legendary playwright was able to establish himself as a classic poet known for psychological tragedies. A modern version of Shakespeareââ¬â¢s plays always produces an equally intriguing curiosity from contemporary audiences. Setting and Milieu If given a chance to produce a remake of this play, I would prefer transforming this play to a modern one. This method would provide the audiences a much convenient way of absorbing the message of the story. By means of using the present and commonly used language, audiences can easily relate with the events pertaining to the story of Oedipus. The lyrical and archaic lines would have to be dropped to achieve modernity and represent a younger generation. It would be set in present New York where the busiest streets and cities can be found. Characterization Since this is a modern remake of the original Oedipus Rex, King Laius and Queen Jocasta would be an overly superstitious couple who reigns in the city of New York as the stateââ¬â¢s richest business tycoons. It is still the same plot, though. Fortune-tellers warned of a son who would later murder his father and marry his mother. A high school teacher who saw him abandoned in the woods near the school would raise Oedipus. He would grow up as an educated man who fights for what he believes is right. All of the original characters would be transformed into other characters which can represent the present time and eliminate the Shakespearean era of the story. It would be entirely based on modern events. Props and Prosthetics Clearly, the characters would be using casual clothing which is common to what they represent. The character of Oedipus is most likely to wear plain and casual clothes while Laius and Jocasta are more fitting to wear highly corporate attires. Masks are definitely out of the picture and the facial expressions and gestures would solely rely on the actorsââ¬â¢ skills in acting. Stage props include various equipment and tools which are necessary to the backdrop of each scene. It would include materials which can produce a picture of living room, streets, bedroom, and other equipment necessary. Conclusion Modern versions are not always as successful as the original. However, creating a contemporary remake of something very classic is always convenient for audiences who seek to understand more about a specific classic. Language and differences in poetry interpretation are always a major hindrance in achieving the primary message of a certain literature; but if a person wants to understand the deeper meaning of that classic, it is always productive to turn into modern remakes. They give easy-to-understand insights which are simplified versions of the originals.
Saturday, January 4, 2020
Economic Disparity Is The Economic Difference Between...
Economic disparity is the economic difference between people or countries. The reason why Walkabout relates to economic disparity is because it involves people from two different environments, lifestyles, culture, religion, economic classes, and education system, in comparison from Charleston, South Carolina and Australia the ââ¬Å"Land Down Underâ⬠. Starting off with the reason why the setting of this book leads to the understanding of the gap between poor and the riches, The setting in Walkabout took place in 1971 in the middle of ââ¬Å"The Sturt Desertââ¬Å". The unnamed Aboriginal boy was born and raised in Australian while Peter and Mary was born and raised in South Carolina. South Carolina is a developed country, meaning advanced in infrastructure, industrialization, income per capita and standards of living. Also, Australia is similar to South Carolina but the habitat of ââ¬Å"The Sturt Desertââ¬Å" which has no resources for living beings to survive, instead this a rea was something new for the new arrivals ââ¬Å"Here was something very different from the desert of the popular imagination; a flowering wilderness.â⬠(Pg. 10). People aren t often getting the ability to travel because they cannot afford the money to buy tickets for their families depending on how much profit their country provide for each family plus taxes. The Australian desert seem to be as empty, strange, surreal, terrifying and unknown. Rainfall is unpredictable, which affects the plants and animal by 50 percent of all mammalShow MoreRelatedUsing Named Examples, Examine the Extent to Which the Development Gap Occurs Within Countries as Well as Globally.735 Words à |à 3 PagesUsing named examples, examine the extent to which the development gap occurs within countries as well as globally. 1) Introduction The development gap refers to the financial and social disparity between the poorest and wealthiest in society. Where economic indicators are low, social indicators are often also low, whereas the wealthiest countries also enjoy better healthcare and education. This gap has been widening for decades and is at its widest today. The poor are not necessarily gettingRead MoreCritical Reflection Of The Healthy People Healthy Places Reading Material And Consists Of Three Sections1342 Words à |à 6 PagesCritical Reflection 1 Introduction This paper is a critical reflection of the healthy people healthy places reading material and consists of three sections. It includes the definition of terms like health inequality and how does it relates to health equity. The first section states the importance of health inequalities and the necessity for a solution to decrease the health inequality gaps. Firstly, the term health inequality has a very broad definition and can be defined as the variations in healthRead More Economic Inequality between Countries Essay1565 Words à |à 7 Pagestraced as far back as possible. It can also be described as disparity. This disparity can be in terms of income, wealth, class etc. Economic inequality can be described as the disparity between income of individuals or household within and outside a country. When ââ¬Å"income inequalityâ⬠is mentioned, most people think about it in a within the country context, but in a world that is becoming more integrated, economic inequality between co untries is becoming more relevant. In a world where other peopleââ¬â¢sRead MoreThe Rural Urban Gap And The Policy Response Essay1689 Words à |à 7 Pagespoor country. During the last seven decades of development effort the country have achieved many heights and got slowly but steadily urbanized. In an attempt to bridge the rural urban gaps in development attainment, Governmentââ¬â¢s rural development policies got continuously evolved during this period. The present paper traces the changing phased of policy of rural development in Independent India and examines the outcomes of these policies in terms of the trends in the rural-urban disparities in someRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Spiritual Perspectives On Globalization 906 Words à |à 4 Pagesdefines globalization as a fusion of economic level, which encircles all the multinational companies that made possible the capital flows, cultural level, which encompass the homogenization of culture by the countries that underm ine others and individual level, which features the consumerism and boost of consumer values (Rifkin). Still, globalization may reduce or increase inequality by many impacts. For many people, inequality is the process by which unfair disparity is shown to vulnerable and invulnerableRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Barack Obama988 Words à |à 4 PagesDuring his presidential campaign in 2008 Obama gave a speech in Philadelphia called, ââ¬Å"A More Perfect Union.â⬠His speech moved millions of Americans and inspired racial cooperation and societal change. Obama called for acceptance of all colors and for people to realize that the government is, and never will be perfect; however, he also says it is time to take action and instill change, rather than just talking about change. Obama most effectively convinces his audience of this with pathos and by includingRead MoreThe Social Determinants of Health: How Where We Live, Learn, Work and Play Impacts the Health of Americans1238 Words à |à 5 Pagesborn in some countries ââ¬â but less than 45 years if she is born in othersâ⬠(Commission on Social Determinants of Health [CSDH], 2008, p. iii). This startling statistic is found in the introduction to the report by the Commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH) on the impact of certain inequities on peopleââ¬â¢s health throughout the world. These inequities, referred to as the social determinants of health (SDOH), are the social and economic conditions in the environment in which people are born,Read MoreAdvocating For A Diverse Patient. Nurses Faces Ethical1236 Words à |à 5 Pagespersonal culture. The purpose of this paper is to discuss ethical dilemmas with the current state of population along with health disparities. In addition, the discussion of the pros and cons of the foundation of the Affordable Care Act and how it affects people culturally. Last of all; explain how social justice principles and rights of humans may reduce health d isparities. Ethical dilemmas come in all shapes and forms. Ethics of health care comes down to the concept of doing no harm along with doingRead MoreLabour Market Dynamics, Unemployment And Economic Growth Essay1454 Words à |à 6 PagesLABOUR MARKET DYNAMICS, UNEMPLOYMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN GHANA INTRODUCTION Owing to a GDP rebasing in 2011, Ghana became the fastest growing economy in the world with a GDP growth pinned at 20%, the largest per capita income in West Africa and the 21st in the continent. Ghana joined the league of oil producing countries in December 2010 with 85,000 barrels of crude oil in a day . Fiscal deficit fell from 5.9% of GDP in 2010 to an estimated 4.3% in 2011 due to strong revenue performance . DespiteRead MoreThe Role Of Governmental Public Health Agencies Essay1698 Words à |à 7 PagesHealth care is the true measure of a country is how a country responds to the health of its people. A country that has a strong emphasis on its health care and focuses the delivery of that care speaks volumes of that country. In this paper, we will be comparing and contrasting the role of governmental public health agencies in two different countries. While looking at these similarities and differences in the way two countries operate their individual, healthcare systems, we wi ll also equate the
Friday, December 27, 2019
Thursday, December 19, 2019
The Issue Of Violence Against Women - 1776 Words
Violence against women includes many kinds of harmful physical, emotional, and sexual behaviors against women and girls that are most often displayed by a family member, or at times by strangers. Violence against women is a growing worldwide issue yet itââ¬â¢s still a hidden problem. Most of us have a hard time imagining the concept of violence against women. The freedom from threat of harassment, battering, and sexual assault is hard to grips. Violence is a deep part of our culture and our everyday lives. The problem of violence against women rages all over the world and is a crisis in almost all societies. In the past, this problem was called domestic violence but has recently changed to violence against women. The term domestic violence does not demonstrate that almost all cases of domestic abuse are men injuring women. How important is the issue of violence against women to the citizen of American? Many people simply do acknowledge the impact and importance that it has on the female population in the United States. Although there are many other important concerns to focus on, this issue is often overlooked and pushed to the side. Picking this topic was important to me, because I dealt with domestic abuse for many years from a former partner. Before experiencing such a difficult hardship I didnââ¬â¢t have much knowledge on this topic. Most women donââ¬â¢t believe they could be ever be a victim of domestic abuse. According to www.feminsit.com Battering is the leading cause ofShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Violence Against Women2506 Words à |à 11 PagesLawson speaking out about the criminal abuse inflicted onto women within their own homes. Sadly, over one hundred years on, violence perpetuated onto women unfortunately continues to exist; causing for women and children in our advanced society to continue living in fear within their own homes. 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In fact when a man is struck in a movie by a woman it is often displayedRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Women : A Global Issue1564 Words à |à 7 PagesDomestic violence against women is a global issue that is happening all across national boundaries as well as socio-economic, cultural, race, and class distinctions. It is a prob lem without frontiers. Not only is the problem happening all across the world, but itââ¬â¢s incident is also large, making it a typical and accepted behavior because it happens a lot. Domestic violence is not an individual event but a repeated behavior that the batter uses to gain control and power over the victim. Domestic violenceRead MoreViolence Against Women-an Issue of Human Rights2605 Words à |à 11 PagesPAPER ON VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN-AN ISSUE OF HUMAN RIGHTS By Ms Shabana Kesar Asst. Professor Department of Women Education Maulana Azad National Urdu University Mailing address : Department of women education, MANUU, Gachchibowli, Hyderabad, 500032. E-mail ID: - sabasuri@gmail.com Paper- Violence against women[VAW]-An issue of Human Rights Synopsis:- ïÆ'Ë Introduction ïÆ'Ë issue of human rights ïÆ'Ë VAW a health social issue ïÆ'Ë Dimensions causes of violence ïÆ'Ë VAW a global Indian scenario ïÆ'Ë FailureRead MoreAn Urgent Issue in Our Society - Violence Against Women 1042 Words à |à 5 PagesThe concept of violence might only represent a negative image. It refers to a set of radical human behaviors, for example, perpetrator would use physical force to hurt or kill people on purpose. Besides, the typology of violence in World Health Organization (WHO) has an explicit structure, which comprise physical, psychological, and sexual to families, partners, friends or strangers (). However, in this essay I shall focus on critically analyzing Farkhanda Younisââ¬â¢ story, which could reflect howRead MoreViolence Against Women Is A Womenââ¬â¢S Health Issue Stemming1465 Words à |à 6 PagesViolence against women is a womenââ¬â¢s health issue stemming from the cultural acceptance of the power dynamic between men and women. Specifically, men are socialized to be more powerful, commanding and assert themselves in the public sphere. While females are socialized to be m ore docile, reserved, obedient and to consume as little space as possible ââ¬â both physically and figuratively. This mindset is something that adversely affects the health of women, taking away her autonomy, and subverting herRead MoreIssue Relating to Violence Abuse Against Women and Children within Family918 Words à |à 4 PagesIssue relating to violence abuse against women and children within family The issue that I am exploring As increasing number of women are gaining more rights globally as well as their economic power. However, domestic violence, especially violence against both women and children from associated partner remaining a broad issue that need to be addressed. Public health studies indicated that a large number of people have the experience of witnessing varies degree of violence within the family. I believeRead MoreAboriginal Women in Canada Essays1375 Words à |à 6 PagesThe issue of violence against Aboriginal women is my chosen subtopic that strongly contributes to the history of Aboriginal womenââ¬â¢s struggle for rights and identity in Canada. To search relevant newspaper articles for this topic, the databases that were used were Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, as well as Canadian Newsstand Major Dailies. The reason these two databases were chosen was because Canadian Newsstand offered articles from multiple newspapers in the country, therefore providing me with diverseRead MoreGende red Violence And The White Ribbon Campaign1213 Words à |à 5 Pageslargest issues in todayââ¬â¢s society is gendered violence. Gendered violence is violence that occurs because of the role expectations associated with each gender, as well as the unequal power relationships between the genders (Defining Gender-Based Violence). The more common form of this is violence against women. One campaign that is working diligently to try and eliminate this problem is the White Ribbon Campaign. The White Ribbon Campaign is a movement of boys and men working to end violence againstRead MoreWomen s False Assumptions About Women And Society1706 Words à |à 7 Pageshave an abundance of rape and violence against women in this country and on this Earth, though it s almost never treated as a civil rights or human rights issue, or a crisis, or even a pattern. Violence doesn t have a race, a class, a religion, or a nationality, but it does have a gender.â⬠That was said by Rebecca Solnit, au thor of Men Explain Things To Me, a book regarding menââ¬â¢s false assumptions about women and society. Sexual violence against women is an ongoing issue facing multiple different countries
Wednesday, December 11, 2019
Cholecyctokinin and panic disorder Essay Example For Students
Cholecyctokinin and panic disorder Essay Cholecyctokinin is a neuropeptide found in the gastrointestinal system and brain. Research has shown that it has various isolated fragments that may influence several important areas of human behavior, such as nociception, satiety and anxiety. Cholecystokinin receptors located in the central nervous system (CNS) are known as CCK-B receptors, and they have high affinity for the tetrapeptide fragment CCK-4. Anxiogenic effect of CKK-4 in humans suggested that it might be involved in pathogenesis of panic disorder, and opened new avenues of research into biological aspects of anxiety. Further research showed increased sensitivity of panic disorder patients to CCK-4 in comparison with normal volunteers. Next, substances capable of blocking CCK-B receptors (CCK-B antagonists) were synthesized and their action was evaluated. One of such antagonists, L-365,260 proved to be effective in blocking CCK-4 induced panic attacks in panic disorder sufferers. However, a pilot study failed to show the effectiveness of the same antagonist in decreasing the frequency of spontaneous panic attacks in panic disorder patients during the course of six weeks. Though CCK-B antagonists may prove to become great potential anxiolitic agents, more research has to be done in order to understand the mechanism of CCK-4 action as a neurotransmitter and its role in naturally occurring panic attacksEthiology of panic disorder: a brief overviewPanic disorder, (PD) is a recognized psychiatric condition and is identified in DSM-III-R as a condition separate from other anxiety disorders. Its main feature is occurrence of unprovoked panic attacks, which happen at random and cannot be explained by the patients. These attacks of fear are closely associated with an overwhelming subjective feeling of anxiety in connection with unpleasant bodily sensations, such as increased heartbeat/palpitations, hot flushes/chills, abdominal distress, nausea, sweating, trembling/shaking, etc. Along with objectively groun dless emotional symptoms, e.g. fear of losing control, sense of unreality and detachment, even fear of dying they affect PD sufferers, interfering with social and professional aspects oftheir lives. Some PD patients associate panic attacks with certain objects or situations, and therefore phobias, especially agoraphobia , are closely associated with the PD. The ethiology of PD is not clear, and most theories support either a psychological or a neurobiological view. The most developed psychological explanation is cognitive theory of PD. According to Clarks model, the panic attack develops as a result of misinterpretation of unpleasant bodily sensations,which leads to increasing feeling of anxiety and progresses to a fully developed panic. This misinterpretation is defined as anxiety sensitivity, and it present in PD patients. When challenged by panicogenic pharmacological agents, anxiety sensitivity causes a faster and stronger response in PD sufferers than in healthy individuals.2 B iological theories concentrate on implicating pathological disturbances in the neurotransmitter systems, including GABA, serotonin (5HT) and noradrenaline. Recently attention was given to a less known neuropeptide cholecystokinin (CCK). Though it was first discovered in the gastrointestinal tract (it is secreted by the small intestine and stimulates gall bladder contractions), its abundant presence in the mammalian brain indicated on its possible functions as a behavior-regulating neurotransmitter. Various electrophysiological data and animal studies linked CCK to anxiety regulation. For example, its excitatory role on pyramidal neurons of hippocampal area was first observed in rats after electrophoretic administration of CCK, and increased density of CCK-B receptors was detected in rats with low exploratory activity and with novelty-avoidance behavior.7 The later, also known as novelty stress sensitivity, is often observed in panic disorder patients.. Anxiogenic properties of CCK w ere demonstrated in various animal models of anxiety, and results of only one of these studies suggested anxiolytic rather than anxiogenic properties of CCK.7 The first human study which demonstrated CCK anxiogenic properties was conducted by De Montigny in 1989. The study did not include a control group and all participants were healthy volunteers. Upon injection of various doles of CCK (20-100 mg) 70% of participants developed panic attack symptoms.7 This discovery was confirmed a year later by Bradwejn and colleagues, who have contributed heavily to the research on the role of CCK as panicogenic agent. In 1991 they confirmed De Montignys observation with the use of a double-blind experimental design.7 Unlike de Montigny, Bradwejns study included no healthy volunteers, but rather panic disorder patients, who were randomly subjected to injections of either .ufc605166400bccbd8bf9a487c192e73b , .ufc605166400bccbd8bf9a487c192e73b .postImageUrl , .ufc605166400bccbd8bf9a487c192e73b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufc605166400bccbd8bf9a487c192e73b , .ufc605166400bccbd8bf9a487c192e73b:hover , .ufc605166400bccbd8bf9a487c192e73b:visited , .ufc605166400bccbd8bf9a487c192e73b:active { border:0!important; } .ufc605166400bccbd8bf9a487c192e73b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufc605166400bccbd8bf9a487c192e73b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufc605166400bccbd8bf9a487c192e73b:active , .ufc605166400bccbd8bf9a487c192e73b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufc605166400bccbd8bf9a487c192e73b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufc605166400bccbd8bf9a487c192e73b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufc605166400bccbd8bf9a487c192e73b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufc605166400bccbd8bf9a487c192e73b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufc605166400bccbd8bf9a487c192e73b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufc605166400bccbd8bf9a487c192e73b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufc605166400bccbd8bf9a487c192e73b .ufc605166400bccbd8bf9a487c192e73b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufc605166400bccbd8bf9a487c192e73b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Detailed Lesson Plan in Science Iii(Parts of the Ears Essay
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